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Hipposideros besaoka
''Hipposideros besaoka'' is an extinct bat from Madagascar in the genus ''Hipposideros''. It is known from numerous jaws and teeth, which were collected in a cave at Anjohibe in 1996 and described as a new species in 2007. The site where ''H. besaoka'' was found is at most 10,000 years old; other parts of the cave have yielded ''H. commersoni'', a living species of ''Hipposideros'' from Madagascar, and some material that is distinct from both species. ''H. besaoka'' was larger than ''H. commersoni'', making it the largest insectivorous bat of Madagascar, and had broader molars and a more robust lower jaw. As usual in ''Hipposideros'', the second upper premolar is small and displaced from the toothrow, and the second lower premolar is large.
==Taxonomy and distribution==
In 1996, a team led by biologist David Burney collected breccias containing bats and other animals from the cave of Anjohibe in northwestern Madagascar.〔Samonds, 2007, pp. 40–41〕 The bats in the sample were described by Karen Samonds (previously Irwin) in her 2006 Ph.D. dissertation and a 2007 paper.〔Samonds, 2006; 2007〕 She found several living species in addition to two extinct ones, ''Triaenops goodmani'' and ''Hipposideros besaoka'', that she described as new.〔Samonds, 2007, p. 39〕 ''Hipposideros'', the genus to which ''H. besaoka'' is assigned, contains the living species ''Hipposideros commersoni'' from Madagascar, among many others.〔Samonds, 2007, p. 45〕 The specific name ''besaoka'' is the Malagasy for "big chin".〔Samonds, 2007, p. 49〕 The material of ''H. besaoka'' is from locality TW-10 within the cave and is about 10,000 years old or younger.〔Samonds, 2007, pp. 42, 49〕 A cladistic analysis using morphological data suggests that ''H. besaoka'' is most closely related to the mainland African ''H. gigas'' and ''H. vittatus'', previously included in ''H. commersoni'', and somewhat more distantly to ''H. commersoni'' itself.〔Samonds, 2006, p. 183〕
Samonds also found ''Hipposideros'' material in other sites at Anjohibe, but did not assign it to ''H. besaoka''. In Old SE, also at most 10,000 years old,〔Samonds, 2007, p. 42〕 a single fourth upper premolar (P4) was found with dimensions different from those seen in both ''H. commersoni'' and ''H. besaoka'' and lacking a cusp on the front lingual (inner) corner, present in both other species; Samonds assigned this specimen to ''Hipposideros'' sp. cf. ''H. commersoni''.〔Samonds, 2007, pp. 45–46〕 In NCC-1 (estimated 69,600 to 86,800 years old),〔Samonds, 2007, p. 43〕 a lower incisor and a third lower molar (m3) were found; these teeth resemble ''H. commersoni'' and are distinct from ''H. besaoka'', so Samonds assigned them to the former species.〔Samonds, 2007, pp. 54–55〕 Locality SS2, which could not be dated,〔 contained a few teeth and isolated jaws of ''Hipposideros''. Some of these showed measurements distinct from both ''Hipposideros'' species, rendering the assignment of the material doubtful; Samonds referred it to ''H.'' sp. cf. ''H. commersoni''.〔Samonds, 2007, pp. 58–60〕
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